Bacteria And Other Micro Organisms

Bacteria And Other Micro Organisms



By
Publisher: Pepin Press
Number Of Pages: 128
Publication Date: 2004-12-31
Sales Rank: 831672
ISBN / ASIN: 9057680246
EAN: 9789057680243
Book Description:

This book contains stunning images for use as a graphic resource, or inspiration. All the illustrations are stored in high-resolution format on the enclosed free CD-ROM and are ready to use for professional quality printed media and web page design. The pictures can also be used to produce postcards, or to decorate your letters, flyers, etc. They can be imported directly from the CD into most design, image- manipulation, illustration, word-processing and e-mail programs; no installation is required. For most applications, single images can be used free of charge. Please consult the introduction to this book, or visit our website for conditions.


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Case Files: Surgery (Lange Case Files), 2nd ed

Case Files: Surgery (Lange Case Files), 2nd ed



By Eugene C. Toy, Terrence H. Liu, Andre R. Campbell,
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical
Number Of Pages: 504
Publication Date: 2006-08-16
Sales Rank: 11359
ISBN / ASIN: 0071463046
EAN: 9780071463041
Binding: Paperback
Book Description:


Audience: US and Canadian Medical students preparing for the clerkship exams and the USMLE Step 2
Second Edition features updated cases on essential topics such as breast mass, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gallstone disease, breast cancer risk, and more
A proven learning system to improve shelf exam scores
Written by leading educators


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Color Atlas of Dermatopathology

Color Atlas of Dermatopathology


By
Publisher: Informa Healthcare
Number Of Pages: 438
Publication Date: 2007-04-18
Sales Rank: 695302
ISBN / ASIN: 0849337941
EAN: 9780849337949
Binding: Hardcover
Book Description:


This outstanding dermatopathology atlas emphasizes the correlation of pathological findings with clinical presentations and presents a reader-friendly approach to the diagnosis and interpretation of skin biopsy results. With an abundance of color clinical and histologic photographs, and descriptions of numerous dermatological diseases and conditions, this source is a must-have for anyone preparing for dermatology or pathology board exams, or for those desiring a strong understanding of the clinical or pathological presentations of disease.


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Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, 4th Edition

Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, 4th Edition



By
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Number Of Pages: 800
Publication Date: 1999-12-13
Sales Rank: 3119543
ISBN / ASIN: 0471973408
EAN: 9780471973409
Binding: Hardcover
Book Description:

Virology is that branch of microbiology concerned with viruses and diseases. These groups of minute infectious agents are, with certain exceptions (e.g., poxviruses) lack an independent metabolism and replicate only within living host cells. Like living organisms, they reproduce with genetic continuity and also mutate. Normally classified into three subgroups on the basis of host specificity (bacterial viruses, animal viruses, and plant viruses), they are also classified by origin, mode of transmission, symptoms produced, and where first located.
Download Description:

"The knowledge and practice of clinical virology continues to expand. This new fifth edition has thirty-six comprehensive chapters, each of which has been extensively revised or rewritten, with the addition of new colour plates.

This updated version takes into account knowledge accumulated in molecular biology with its applications for laboratory diagnosis, immunisation and antiviral chemotherapy. Each chapter highlights the clinical features and epidemiological patterns of infection. Similarly, in response to the global concern of the threat posed by new viruses, a new chapter on Emerging Infections is included.

There is also new material on Hospital Acquired Infections, including some advice relating to SARS, that will be of benefit to those dealing with the day-to-day management of patients in hospital.


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ACP Medicine, 3rd Edition, 2007

ACP Medicine, 3rd Edition, 2007


By David C. Dale, Daniel D. Federman,
Publisher: WebMD Professional Publishing
Number Of Pages: 3040
Publication Date: 2007-04-12
Sales Rank: 511318
ISBN / ASIN: 0977222616
EAN: 9780977222612
Binding: Hardcover
Product Description:

ACP Medicine is the first comprehensive reference to carry the name of the American College of Physicians. Developed to help busy physicians keep up with changing guidelines in primary care, ACP Medicine is a continually updated, evidence-based reference of internal medicine.



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Ophthalmology, 2nd Edition

Ophthalmology, 2nd Edition



Author: Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker (Editor), James J. Augsburger
URL: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/re...N%2F0323016588



Product Details
pages: 2473 pages
Publisher: C.V. Mosby
ISBN: 0323016588
Average Customer Review: Based on 4 review(s).
Format: PDB
Size: 202 MB
Summary:
This state-of-the-art reference covers every aspect of ophthalmology, combining the latest on genetics, diagnostic tips and techniques, proven management strategies, surgical approaches, new drugs, and more. An esteemed author team and contributions of hundreds of top-tier practitioners provide trustworthy guidance on practically every ophthalmic condition and procedure. It is filled with an impressive collection of 2,500 detailed photographic images, and includes a CD-ROM with full text, slides, and navigation tools for quick access and easy



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Textbook of Pathology Companion CD-ROM

Textbook of Pathology Companion CD-ROM




From the Author
It has long been felt by the teachers and the students of Pathology that there is a need for a resource material for learning essential museum specimens commonly used for teaching and evaluation of undergraduate students. This is particularly required for orienting the students properly by correlation of pathology learnt in theory classes and microscopic pathology learnt from seeing glass slides in practical classes with the museum specimens. Besides, discussion of gross pathology on mounted museum specimens also constitutes an evaluation system in viva-voce at the time of practical examination of most universities/ medical institutions.

In preparation of the present CD version of teaching of pathology specimens, I have used my discretion by selecting more than 100 specimens from our Departmental Pathology Museum, which according to my judgment and experience as teacher-author, are common and important, and therefore constitute must learn by the undergraduate students of Pathology; however, there is always scope in future for further addition or amendment in it which is far easier in present era of computer technology. Corresponding annotations and labels given along side images of specimens are quite brief and are basically meant to help the student in understanding and describing the specimen followed by conclusion (i.e. diagnosis of the specimen). But no attempt has been made to give microscopic features or details of the disease for which the student should consult the main book; accordingly reference to page numbers of Textbook of Pathology (5th Edition) have been given at appropriate places.

While viewing the CD, the user will find that for every specimen two images have been giventhe image on the left side, image A, is generally the external surface of the specimen or the view of one surface of a sectioned slice, while the image B on right side is the sectioned surface or luminal surface as the case may be.
By

Publisher: Jaypee Brothers,Medical Publishers,India
Number Of Pages: 978
Publication Date: 2005-12-01
Sales Rank:
ISBN / ASIN: 8180613682
EAN: 9788180613685
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: Jaypee Brothers,Medical Publishers,India
Studio: Jaypee Brothers,Medical Publishers,India
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Duane's Foundations of Clinical Opthalmology, 2007

Duane's Foundations of Clinical Opthalmology, 2007



By William Tasman, Edward A Jaeger,

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Number Of Pages:
Publication Date: 2006-11-01
Sales Rank: 901708
ISBN / ASIN: 0781768551
EAN: 9780781768559
Binding: CD-ROM

Book Description:


The vast information stored in this classic reference is right at your fingertips with this fully searchable online version. This easy-to-navigate Website gives you instant access to the latest surgical techniques and treatments for primary open angle glaucoma, retinal detachment, ocular hypertension, and more. And you'll manage every eye problem, large and small, with confidence. In addition to quarterly updates to the core content of Duane's, the Website will add new videos, new test questions, and more throughout your entire two-year subscription. It's still the Duane's Ophthalmology you have trusted for over 30 years, but we are no longer providing you with a CD-ROM that can't be updated. With Duane's Ophthalmology being fully online, we can better serve your needs by providing you with the most up-to-date information every time you access the site.


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All you sdhould know about HIV (AIDS)

Definition

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the causative virus of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS has no precedent in medical history. It was first widely recognized in 1981, although evidence of the virus was found in stored blood collected in 1959, and so it seems that it has been in existence for longer than was first thought. The virus primarily attacks the white blood cells (the T-lymphocytes or CD-4 cells) and macrophages of the body. These cells play a key role in maintaining a person's immunity to disease. As a result, HIV infected people become susceptible to illnesses caused by the collapse of the body's immune system. Individuals infected with the virus are infectious for the rest of their lives, and can transmit HIV via blood or ual fluids.
The common conditions and diseases related to AIDS include Kaposi's sarcoma (cancer of the lining of the blood vessels), pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis (viral infection affecting the central nervous system), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (a common viral infection that can cause retinitis and blindness), candidiasis, and severe herpes. As the depressed immune system makes the individual vulnerable to many illnesses, almost any symptom may occur in HIV infection.
Stages of infection

First 12 weeks

Some people develop an illness resembling an acute glandular fever-like illness within 6 weeks of infection. Symptoms include fever, headache, swollen glands, tiredness, aching joints and muscles, and a sore throat. However, most people will not feel unwell or develop any abnormality for years. Antibodies to HIV usually develop within 2 to 8 weeks, and almost always by 12 weeks. The 12 weeks after initial infection is called the "window period", where a negative test does not necessarily indicate that a person is free of the virus and a follow-up test will be necessary. However, by the end of the window period virtually all infected people will have a positive blood test (i.e. they will test "seropositive" or "HIV-positive" ). Developing an HIV-positive test is known as "seroconversion" .
After seroconversion

HIV-infected individuals can remain physically well for many years after initial infection. However, in general the virus slowly attacks the immune system and, at a critical point, the condition AIDS develops.
Within 5 years of infection, up to 30% of those individuals infected with HIV are likely to develop AIDS (i.e. severe conditions such as cancer and pneumonia). A proportion of people will develop less severe symptoms, such as persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (swollen glands), diarrhoea, fever, and weight loss. Studies indicate that about 50% of adults infected with the virus will develop AIDS within 10 years of infection.
Of individuals diagnosed as having AIDS, 90% are likely to die within 2 years if not treated. Antiretroviral therapy with zidovudine (also known as AZT or Retrovir), which can reduce mortality, illness, and the numbers of opportunistic infections, is available to people with diagnosed AIDS. Newer drugs such as ddI, ddC and other antiretroviral agents are being introduced all the time. However, the avoidance of infections, the prompt treatment of infections, and a generally healthy lifestyle with exercise and good nutrition may substantially reduce the likelihood that an HIV-infected individual will develop AIDS.
Transmission
How it is spread

HIV is transmitted only through the exchange of infected body fluids, whereby a substantial quantity of virus gains access to the T4 cells in a susceptible individual. Although the virus occurs in saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, these fluids do not pose a significant risk because of the low concentration of the virus and the absence of a common mechanism for them to enter the blood of another person.
HIV occurs in relatively high concentrations in the blood, semen, and vaginal and cervical secretions of infected individuals. Therefore, there is a significant risk of infection when these body fluids are passed directly into another person's blood or anal or genital tract. HIV is also present in breast milk, which is a possible vehicle of transmission to infants.
There are only three significant routes of transmission for HIV:

  • from infected blood or blood products

  • from infected ual fluids

  • from infected mother to baby during pregnancy and delivery (if a pregnant woman is HIV-positive, the baby has a one in 3 chance of being infected).

How it is not spread

There is no risk of infection through social non-ual contact such as kissing, sharing utensils (e.g. cups), body contact, or the use of public toilets. HIV is not spread by mosquitoes or other insects.
Blood products

Since April 1985 therapeutic blood products have been made safe in Australia by excluding high risk donors and screening donated blood. Each donor must sign a declaration stating that she or he does not have any high risk factors for HIV. This system has largely prevented the donation of blood by HIV-positive people in South Australia. Thus, blood transfusions given before 1980 and after April 1985 are not a risk for HIV infection in Australia.
Unsterilised equipment used for tattooing and acupuncture could transmit the infection, but this source is unlikely in South Australia. It is possible for the virus to be transmitted through needle-stick injuries to health workers, and also during unsafe disposal of needles and syringes. Fewer than 30 health care workers in the world are reputed to have been infected in this way, but the high incidence of needle-stick injuries reported indicates a need for continuing the precautionary guidelines.
Blood transmission of HIV is virtually confined to needle and syringe sharing among injecting drug users. Anyone who shares a needle or syringe with an infected person is at high risk of contracting HIV because there are large quantities of the virus in blood, which is then injected directly into the bloodstream.
ual activity

Exact levels of risk for the various forms of ual activity are not known, but some ual practices have higher risks associated with them than others.
Vaginal intercourse

Transmission can occur in either direction during unprotected vaginal intercourse. The risk of infection is greater for the woman - the risk of infection passing from men to women during vaginal intercourse is two to three times greater than the risk of it passing from women to men. HIV can be absorbed into the woman's bloodstream during unprotected vaginal intercourse via tears in the vaginal wall, genital ulceration, an inflamed or traumatised cervix caused by cervicitis, or by absorption through the membrane of the cervical canal. Also, because semen remains in the vagina and around the cervix after intercourse, the risk of transmission is increased. Until 1987, only 3% of American men who died of AIDS had contracted the disease through heteroual intercourse, whereas 27% of infected women had contracted it in this way (McEgan, 1987).
Anal intercourse

Transmission can occur in either direction, but the receptive partner is at greater risk. Anal intercourse without a condom is the highest risk ual activity because the rectal lining is fragile and prone to tearing, thus allowing easy access for infected blood and semen. One San Franciscan study found that a person who has unprotected anal intercourse is two-and-a-half times more likely to contract HIV than a person who does not.
Oral

The risks of oral are unclear. Cuts, infections in the mouth or throat, and gingivitis (infected gums) could pose some risk. Clinic 275 advises that it is difficult to ascertain the safety of oral and advises people not to allow semen to be ejaculated into the mouth. The fluid expressed from the urethra before ejaculation is also likely to be infectious. Similarly, menstrual blood contains high concentrations of the virus and should also be avoided.
Clinic 275 suggests that oral is relatively safe if ejaculation of potentially infected semen into the mouth is avoided. They also recommend the avoidance of teeth cleaning and dental flossing before oral .
Non-penetrative

Mutual masturbation and other forms of non-penetrative ual activity are safe provided that blood or ual fluids do not enter a partner's body.
Genital ulceration

When there is genital ulceration in either partner, or when an uninfected male partner is uncircumcised, the risk of transmission probably increases.
Mother-to-baby transmission

Approximately 30% of infants born to untreated HIV-positive women are infected. It is not known at what stage of the pregnancy the foetus is infected, but recent evidence supports the notion that the infant often becomes infected during the birth process. Further research is being done in this area.
Statistics

Global perspective

The first cases of AIDS were reported in the USA in 1981, when young, homoual men were diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, an unusual disease among young people. It is now estimated that several million people are infected with HIV world-wide (see Statistics Section for details). However, because of the differing abilities of affluent nations and poor nations not only to respond to the epidemic, but also to keep track of cases, current estimates may not be accurate and do not reflect the potential impact on different countries. The largest pool of infection is in Africa, where transmission predominantly occurs through heteroual contact and infected blood given in transfusions (10% of infections - usually there are no blood-screening programs). Two-thirds of the estimated global total of AIDS cases, and the majority of HIV-positive people, are in this region. There is now the potential for rapid spread of HIV through Asia and India.
The World Health Organisation (1991) estimated that the distribution of HIV infection in the world is as follows:

  • 60% in sub-Saharan Africa

  • 30% in North America and Australia

  • 6% in Europe

  • 4% in Asia and the Middle East

  • In addition, the socio-economic conditions and levels of prostitution in some developing countries (e.g. Thailand) are conducive to rapid spread of infection.

WHO estimates that HIV is spread in the following way:

  • 60% transmitted through vaginal intercourse

  • 15% through anal intercourse

  • 10% through injecting drug use

  • 10% perinatally (i.e. from mother to baby in the uterus or during the birth process)

  • 5% through contaminated blood and other injections

Australia

The first cases of AIDS in Australia were diagnosed in 1982. HIV and AIDS are most common in the eastern states, particularly in Sydney, and are generally concentrated in urban areas. Transmission is mainly through unprotected male-to-male anal intercourse and needle or syringe sharing among injecting drug users.
One Australian study of risk factors for HIV has been undertaken by Ross (1988). He found that the proportions of individuals, both male and female, who had had homoual or worker contact were much lower than those expected (based upon levels found by Kinsey et al in the 1950s). Levels of injecting drug use were found to be highest among the 15-24 year age-group, with higher levels among males than females. Estimated numbers of injecting drug users vary from 20,000 (Australian Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drugs, 1980) to hundreds of thousands of users in different categories of use (Drew & Taylor, 1988). Nevertheless, the size and nature of the injecting drug user population are very different in Australia compared to the USA. The numbers are proportionately much smaller, and there is not the same representation of people from extremely disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus the potential for spread among heterouals is not as great as it is in the USA.
Infection levels among women who work as workers in Australia are low and should remain low among those who do not inject drugs.
See http://www.book4doc.com/70756 for South Australian details, and Thttp://www.book4doc.com/78171 for Australian data.
http://www.book4doc.com/70756
http://www.book4doc.com/17764
Testing and counselling

The HIV antibody test is the blood test that determines whether an individual has HIV antibodies. A positive test means that there are antibodies and that HIV has established itself in the body. As previously described, it can take as long as 3 months - the window period - for antibodies to be produced. A negative test can mean that either HIV is not present in the body, or that the body has not had sufficient time to respond to the virus by producing antibodies.
Pre-test counselling

It is important that people seeking testing have an opportunity to explore the issues that may confront them with either a positive or negative test result. Issues may include guarantees of confidentiality, the need for support, explanation of the test, personal issues (e.g. in relation to partners, insurance, safe practices, and safe drug use).
Informed consent

Informed consent should be obtained for all medical tests, and must be obtained before a HIV test is undertaken. Testing without consent constitutes an assault (unless authorised by the law). The person needs to be fully aware of the meaning of the test and its results, the procedures, and potential consequences. Consent obtained by deceit, withholding information, or giving misleading information does not constitute informed consent.
Post-test counselling

It is important that test results are given face-to-face by a medical practitioner or counsellor. The main aim of post-test counselling is to ensure that the person understands the implications and meaning of the results, and that follow-up is offered in the form of further appointments or referral. Results should not be given by telephone.
Implications of a negative test

A negative test result can provide reassurance and an opportunity to discuss prevention through safe and safe drug use. It is important to be aware that if exposure occurred less than 3 months ago a repeat test will be necessary.
Implications of a positive test

Since reactions to the diagnosis of HIV infection varies, it is important that the individual has access to counselling and support from a person (counsellor, nurse or doctor) experienced in HIV/AIDS issues. The doctor needs to check if there is a trusted support person available, to discuss medical follow-up and treatments, provide assurance of confidentiality, encourage notification of past and present ual partners, support lifestyle changes, arrange referral to other support agencies where necessary, and arrange another appointment for further counselling. When first confronted with a positive test result, people frequently may not absorb much of the information they are given and follow-up appointments are important.
The following needs to be taken into consideration by the counsellor and the individual diagnosed with HIV infection:
the infection can be transmitted to others, and thus there is a need for lifestyle changes,
social stigmatisation of people with HIV infection and irrational, fear-based responses of others make it even more difficult to come to terms with the infection.
AIDS combines several areas that are subject to enormous taboos and heavy social conditioning in our society, namely:

  • ual behaviour and uality (and often homouality) ;

  • injecting drug use;

  • death.

Individual reactions to a positive test result may depend upon a number of factors such as:
Gay men

Reactions differ, depending on whether the individual:

  • identifies with the gay community or has an unrevealed association with men;

  • engages in ual activity, involving male and female partners.

Blood or blood-product recipients

Some wish to distance themselves as "innocent victims".
People who inject drugs

Reactions differ, depending on whether:

  • the use is casual and under control or an addiction problem;

  • the person wishes to continue drug use, placing the emphasis on non-sharing;

  • the person wants to discontinue use, placing the emphasis on social supports.

industry workers

Reactions differ, depending on whether the person:

  • is a female or male worker;

  • injects drugs;

  • identifies with the prostitute community or acts independently;

  • perceives a potentially positive role for herself or himself as an educator in safe for clients.

Women

Reactions differ, depending on:

  • socio-economic status;

  • whether or not a woman has children or is pregnant.

Interpersonal relationships

Will infection destroy an existing relationship, or hinder new ones?
What kinds of support does the person have?
There may be guilt or hostility relating to who infected whom.
Does infection disclose unrevealed ual relationships, ual orientation, or injecting drug use?
Likely response of lovers, family, friends.
Pre-existing psychological or intellectual problems

Infection may exacerbate the existing condition.
Intellectual disability may make the spread of infection more difficult to prevent or increase the risk of unplanned pregnancy and transmission to the baby.
Knowledge and preparation for a possible positive result

Studies show that the less knowledge and preparation an individual has, the greater the impact of the result will be.
This underlines the importance of pre-test counselling.
The most common initial reactions are extreme - severe shock which may temporarily immobilise the individual, or an apparently casual acceptance. The individual may deny the reality of the result for several days, weeks, or longer. Issues, such as relationship difficulties, self-blame, loss of self-esteem and/or loss of ual libido may start to arise later. There are, of course, similarities between coming to terms with HIV and the process people go through when diagnosed with other fatal diseases. The difference is that HIV can result in rejection by friends, family, and health workers, and therefore social isolation. Thus, people often hide their diagnosis. It is important that individuals are informed of self-help and other groups available for HIV positive people.
Confidentiality

Information about one person should not be disclosed to another, except in the following circumstances:

  • Where another person has a need to know (e.g. a health service provider) - but it is essential to have the client's consent in all situations.

  • Where required by law (e.g. notifiable diseases).

HIV-positive people may need to be counselled about whom they wish to tell - many breaches of confidentiality occur when individuals unwisely tell acquaintances, or leave identifying client documents around.
Health workers can use a range of strategies to protect confidentiality (e.g. contacting clients only by a mechanism they have approved).
Advantages of testing

  • Access to appropriate treatments for HIV-positive individuals early in the infection can delay the onset of AIDS and prolong survival.

  • The detection of infection at an asymptomatic stage may avoid a range of severe physical and social complications that may occur when infection is detected in an emergency situation (e.g. an accident, in a hospital emergency room, or after admission to hospital with advanced disease). Breaches of confidentiality and privacy are more likely in these late stages, and there may not be sufficient time for the individual to benefit from treatments, come to terms with the illness, make any necessary practical living arrangements, or prevent the further spread of infection.

  • A negative test result can relieve anxiety after perceived exposure to infection.

  • A positive result can encourage the practice of safe and safe drug use, preventing the spread of infection as well as protecting the infected person from other STDs, or different strains of HIV.

  • Widespread testing helps to determine the extent and distribution of infection, which in turn can assist in planning support and prevention strategies.

  • A positive result may affect a person's important life decisions, for example, about whether or not to have children.

  • Individuals may make other lifestyle changes that improve their health status and life expectancy.

People have the right to make their own choices about undergoing a test. If an individual chooses not to be tested, it is important that he or she practises safe and injects drugs safely to protect themselves as well as others. Individuals may not wish to be tested because they have never been offered pre-test counselling. Similarly, a more balanced community perception of HIV infection could help individuals feel less hesitant. Confidentiality should ensure that other people know an individual's status only if he or she tells them, and it is important that people who fear a breakdown in confidentiality are assured of this. People with positive test results need to be selective about whom they tell. Discrimination on the grounds of HIV infection is covered by anti-discrimination legislation, and is against the law, although it can be difficult to prove. Insurance companies will require a test before underwriting a substantial policy.
From a public health perspective, all individuals at risk of HIV should be encouraged to have an HIV test.
The test

Four blood tests are available:

  2. Enzyme immuno-assay; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (EIA; ELISA)

  3. Western blot (WB)

  4. Immunofluorescent assay (IFA)

  5. Radio-immunoprecipi tation assay (RIPA)

The most common approach is the use of an EIA test for screening (the initial test) and a western blot for confirmation. It usually takes 7 days for the results to be ready.
Treatment

There are a wide range of medications that will slow the progression of HIV infection:
Antiretroviral therapy - zidovudine (Retrovir or AZT) is the most widely used and reduces mortality, illness, and the number of opportunistic infections when given in combination with other agents such as ddI or ddC. In Australia, anti-HIV medications are available to people in the following circumstances:

  • A person with a T4 count less than 500;

  • Anyone with an AIDS-related condition;

  • Someone with needle-stick injuries from a known HIV-positive person.

The side-effects of zidovudine treatment can include anaemia, vomiting, insomnia, and myalgia (muscle pain). However, these side-effects are more common on high-dose regimes. The new low-dose regimes have fewer side-effects.
Side-effects of ddI and ddC include inflammation of the pancreas and damage to nerves.
Many new anti-HIV drugs have recently been introduced in Australia. More information about these medications is available on the http://www.book4doc.com/70518 page in the http://www.book4doc.com/21844 for doctors.
http://www.book4doc.com/70518
http://www.book4doc.com/21844
Many of the opportunistic infections that occur with AIDS can be treated with medications such as antibiotics, anti viral drugs (aciclovir), and anti malarial medications.
Legal and ethical issues
In South Australia, HIV infection is a notifiable disease, which means that medical practitioners are required by law to notify the HIV Epidemiologist in the Public and Environmental Health Service of the South Australian Health Commission.
Laws cover donor activities, including blood transfusion.
Anti-discrimination laws apply to employment, accommodation, education, and the provision of goods and services. The law applies to any physical impairment, and probably includes asymptomatic HIV infection.
Prevention
 The Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations (AFAO) has defined safe in the following way:
Safe is any form of in which HIV does not pass from the blood, semen, or vaginal fluids of one person directly into the bloodstream of another person. (AFAO, 1991)
This definition is specific to HIV/AIDS and does not attempt to deal with other STDs.
There is more information about safe available at the http://www.book4doc.com/77312.
(http://www.book4doc.com/77312)
HIV-positive people

In addition to providing general support, it is also important to support HIV-positive people in preventing the spread of infection. Counselling on safe practices so that individuals are clear about what is and what is not safe, is imperative. Education about clean needle and syringe use is important for people who choose to continue injecting drugs. People should be referred to needle exchange programs.
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Appleton & Lange's Review of Pharmacy 7th Ed.

Appleton & Lange's Review of Pharmacy 7th Ed.


By Gary D. Hall, Barry S. Reiss,
Publisher: Appleton & Lange
Number Of Pages: 384
Publication Date: 2000-12-13
Sales Rank: 453274
ISBN / ASIN: 0071360883
EAN: 9780071360883
Binding: Paperback
Book Description:

This best seller features thirty patient medication profiles and over 1,200 questions typically seen on certification and licensing exams. CD-ROM features an up-to-date, simulated NAPLEX-format practice test--ideal for self-assessment and study.


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Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases

Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases



Publisher: Humana Press
Number Of Pages: 544
Publication Date: 2005-07-20
Sales Rank: 1887923
ISBN / ASIN: 1588294552
EAN: 9781588294555
Binding: Hardcover
Book Description:

This second edition of the highly praised Drug Interaction in Infectious Diseases includes all the major recent advances in the understanding of drug interactions, with emphasis on the many new drugs approved since the first edition. The treatment of the mechanisms of drug interaction has increased to fill two chapters, allowing a more detailed description of absorption, metabolism, and excretion, as well as describing the growing knowledge of transport proteins. Recent reports of drug interactions, new case studies, and a new chapter outlining the regulatory perspective on interaction studies during drug development have been added. The information contained in the book ranges from detailed tables of specific drug-drug interactions to in-depth discussions of interaction mechanisms and research issues.


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Ophthalmology: A Pocket Textbook Atlas

Ophthalmology: A Pocket Textbook Atlas




By Gerhard K., M.D. Lang

Publisher: Thieme Medical Publishers
Number Of Pages: 656
Publication Date: 2007-01-17
Sales Rank: 498524
ISBN / ASIN: 1588905551
EAN: 9781588905550



ttp://rapidshare.com/files/45934591/Ophthalmology-A.P.Textbook.Atlas.2007.part1.rar

http://www.book4doc.com/21558

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Smaller version, 149 MB rared to 27.5 MB

http://www.book4doc.com/20219

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pass: 1588905551


28 MB [149 MB compressed in rar file]..pdf file..no password

http://www.book4doc.com/60527

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Aging: Theories and Potential Therapies

Aging: Theories and Potential Therapies




By

Publisher: Facts on File
Number Of Pages: 157
Publication Date: 2004-10
Sales Rank: 1476997
ISBN / ASIN: 0816049513
EAN: 9780816049516


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Adrenomedullin in Cardiovascular Disease (Basic Science for the Cardiologist)

Adrenomedullin in Cardiovascular Disease (Basic Science for the Cardiologist)

  • Publisher: Springer

  • Number Of Pages: 222

  • Publication Date: 2005-04-28

  • Sales Rank:

  • ISBN / ASIN: 0387254048

  • EAN: 9780387254043

  • Binding: Hardcover

  • Manufacturer: Springer

  • Studio: Springer

  • Average Rating:

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Book Description: )


Adrenomedullin was discovered in 1993 in an extract of human pheochromocytoma while monitoring cAMP levels in rat platelets. Adrenomedullin has attracted considerable interest among cardiologists due to its impact on the cardiovascular system which includes a decrease in blood pressure in vivo; an impact on vascular smooth muscle cells; increases cAMP levels; indirectly reduces blood pressure and has role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.
Adrenomedullin in Cardiovascular Disease is an up-to-date review of the most relevant aspects of adrenomedullin. It encompasses a broad range of fields including biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and clinical applications of adrenomedullin to cardiovascular disease.
11169 KB RAR'd PDF
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http://www.book4doc.com/67292
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Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine 4/e 2005

Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine 4/e 2005


By Allan B Wolfson, Gregory W Hendey, Phyllis L Hendry, Christopher H Linden, Carlo L Rosen,
  • Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

  • Number Of Pages: 2080

  • Publication Date: 2005-04-01

  • Sales Rank: 258439

  • ISBN / ASIN: 078175125X

  • EAN: 9780781751254

  • Binding: Hardcover

  • Manufacturer: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

  • Studio: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

  • Average Rating: 4.5

  • Total Reviews: 2


Book Description: )

Organized for easy reference, this comprehensive, concise, and clinically focused text covers all aspects of emergency medicine. Chapters follow a consistent, structured formatkey points, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, evaluation, management, disposition, and common pitfalls.



This edition places greater emphasis on evidence-based medicine and includes tables with statistical data. A resuscitation section has been added. Medical and surgical emergencies have been merged together in sections organized by anatomic system. Each chapter includes references essential for American Board of Emergency Medicine recertification, highlighted in bold.



A bound-in CD-ROM contains 496 multiple-choice questions and answers cross-referenced to the relevant book chapters.

CHM 49.2 MB rar

http://www.book4doc.com/30721
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